Acceleration processes Essay Example for Free

Acceleration processes Essay When the bus stops suddenly, the book slides forward off the seat. In the reference frame of the ground, which of the following is correct? a) b) c) d) e) A net force acted on it. No net force acted on it. It remained at rest. It did not move, but only seemed to. Gravity briefly stopped acting on it. 7. Consider a cart on a horizontal frictionless table. Once the cart has been given a push in the x-direction and released, what will happen to the cart? a) b) c) d) e) It slowly comes to a stop. It continues with constant acceleration. It continues with decreasing acceleration. It continues with constant velocity. It immediately comes to a stop. 8. Off to the Races: F v From rest, we step on the gas of our Ferrari, providing a force F for 4s, speeding it up to a final speed v. If the applied force were only 1/2 F, how long would it have to be applied to reach the same final speed? a) 16s b) 8s c) 4s d) 2s e) 1s 9. Two blocks of the same mass are connected by a string and are pulled across a frictionless surface by a constant force. Will the two blocks move with constant velocity? a) Yes, both blocks move with constant velocity. b) No, both blocks move with constant acceleration. ) The two blocks will have different velocities and/or accelerations. 10. Referring to figure in Q9, will the tension in the connecting string be greater than, less than, or equal to the force F ? a) Greater than. b) Less than. c) Equal to. 11. Force and Two Masses: F m1 a1 a2 = 2a1 F m2 F m2 m1 a3 A force F acts on mass m1 giving acceleration a1. The same force acts on a different mass m2 giving acceleration a2 = 2a1. If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts on this combination, what is the resulting acceleration? a) 3/4 a1 b) 3/2 a1 c) 1/2 a1 d) 4/3 a1 e) 2/3 a1 12. Bowling vs. Ping-Pong I: F12 F21 In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the magnitudes of these attractive forces compare? a) b) c) d) e) The bowling ball exerts a greater force on the ping-pong ball. The ping-pong ball exerts a greater force on the bowling ball. The forces are equal in magnitude. The forces are zero because they cancel out. There are actually no forces at all. 13. Bowling vs. Ping-Pong II: In outer space, gravitational forces exerted by a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball on each other are equal and opposite. How do their accelerations compare? a) b) c) d) e) They do not accelerate because they are weightless. Accelerations are equal, but not opposite. Accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the bowling ball. Accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the ping-pong ball. Accelerations are equal and opposite. 14. A ball tied to a string is being whirled around in a circle. What can you say about the work done by tension? T v a) Tension does no work at all. b) Tension does negative work. c) Tension does positive work. 15. You lift a book with your hand in such a way that it moves up at constant speed. While it is moving, what is the total work done on the book? ?r FHAND v = const a=0 mg a) b) c) d) e) mg ? ?r FHAND ? ?r (FHAND + mg) ? ?r Zero None of the above. 16. Two paths lead to the top of a big hill. One is steep and direct, while the other is twice as long but less steep. How much more potential energy would you gain if you take the longer path? a) b) c) d) e) The same as the short path. Twice as much. Four times as much. Half as much. No PE gained in either case. 17. A hole is drilled through the center of Earth and emerges on the other side. You jump into the hole. What will happen to you? Hint: Inside earth, when you are at a distance r away from the center, the gravitational force on you is just the force due to your body mass and the earth mass of sphere of radius r from the center. ) a) b) c) d) You fall to the center and stop. You go all the way through and continue off into space. You fall to the other side of Earth and then return. You won’t fall at all. 18. A proton and an electron are held apart a distance of 1 m and then released. As they approach each other, what will happen to the force between them? a) It gets bigger. b) It gets smaller. c) It stays the same. 19. Continuing from Q18, which particle has the larger acceleration at any time? a) Proton. b) Electron. c) Both the same. 20. Continuing from Q19, where would they meet? a) In the middle. b) Closer to the electron’s side. c) Closer to the proton’s side. 21. Considering a vibrating pendulum as shown in the figure. i) At which of the above time is the kinetic energy a maximum? ii) At which of the above time is the potential energy a maximum? iii) At which of the above time is kinetic energy being transformed to potential energy? iv) At which of the above time is potential energy being transformed to kinetic energy?

The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay

The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Street lighting ensures safety to literally every citizen in Sri Lanka by providing guidance and direction across the vast territories throughout the country. Citizens have grown accustomed to driving the streets, rural roads and busy urban thoroughfares, relying on improved visibility and safety afforded them by generous lighting conditions provided by several street light standards of the roadways. Similarly, the safety and ability to maneuver along walkways and sidewalks, in both congested and remote areas, is tremendously enhanced for pedestrians and cyclists. Street lights must be designed therefore to minimize glare and render enhanced colour recognition to meet peoples visual needs in observing objects. 1.2 Importance of Street Lighting Street lighting is an essential public service that provides a safer environment at nighttime to commuters as well as pedestrians. Proper use of street lighting can be considered as a protective method which provides economic and social benefits to the people including: Elimination in night time accidents and economic loss Aid to police protection and enhanced sense of personal security Facilitation of smooth traffic flow Promotion of business activities and the use of public interactions during the night hours. While this service is commonly available in developed countries, there is a shortage of proper street lighting facilities in many areas in developing countries due to lack of financial resources. The lack of adequate light at night has given rise to poor living conditions and as such, street crimes, and other mishaps are commonplace. Street lighting is perhaps more interesting topic for politicians to gain their supporters. It is the most conversable topic among people and essential activity of local authorities, Pradesheya Sabhas and municipalities where the electrical consumption can be considered as having a totally stable load pattern (kWh) during designated operating hours for each and every day. The number of lights and power requirements stay relatively steady over the nightly operating period. The only real variation is the quantity of operating hours each evening as determined by the time of the year. On the other hand, some degree of weather is varying where photo cell control systems exist during dark and misty time periods where areas like upcountry. As such, we have very predictable load patterns and energy values for street lighting that mostly operate including peak power extracting time periods considering the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) national grid. One opportunity to address the demand-side of this issue is to save electricity via technological upgrades of street lighting with the help of municipalities and local authorities. Electricity used for streetlights accounts for up to 1.1% of electricity used by national grid stated in Statistical digest in 2011, published by CEB. It is worth noting that large amount of non-metered street lighting profiles exhibit a steady state operation on a month by month basis despite the fact that the new street lamp installations have been grown by 30% annually as revealed by street lamp census in 2010. This strategy will be worst during the election periods. Thus, the virtual billing value which is submitted by local authorities to the power and energy ministry, do not truly represent the actual load profiles. In response to the plotting of the billing information, both municipalities and local authorities have to be taken action to ensure true representation of load profiles with representing of CEB personnel to witness the actual requirements of the street lighting equipments. The electrical energy consumption of street lighting constitutes an important part of total energy consumption. Saving energy in street lamps is therefore important for total energy savings. It is known that street lighting levels are excessive in many cases. For instance, in the case of low traffic volumes, the lighting levels are excessive and could be reduced so that energy savings can be achieved. On the other hand, in specific situations and for traffic safety reasons, light levels should be increased even in the case of low traffic volume. Reductions in energy consumption through the installation of modern lighting equipment, control and management practices have a direct impact on the level of greenhouse gas emissions from street lighting. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to reductions in energy consumption; hence the potential savings are of the same order and vice versa. 1.3 Motivation This research keeps the focus on energy efficiency measures in the street lighting sector. The street lighting situation in Sri Lanka is still largely dominated by inefficient technologies, most importantly standard incandescent, low efficiency fluorescent tube or mercury and sodium vapour lamps. Although cost-effective when regarded over the full lifespan of the lamp, more efficient options, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), induction lamps and solar powered systems struggle to penetrate the market. Several promotion programs for energy efficient lighting can be found by the government in recent past ( reference). This research is concerned with possibilities to promote the approach of energy efficient street lighting technologies for grid-connected or off grid usage in Sri Lanka. This approach is initiated to evaluate the economic, technical, and operational feasibility of replacing the existing street lamps with LED light sources. Specifically, the following areas were evaluated as part of this research: Energy and maintenance cost savings of LED lamps over the existing street lamps Energy and maintenance cost savings of solar powered LED lamps over the existing street lamps Optimum luminance that should be maintained on various roads and streets in compliance with British and IESNA standards and comparable those to the streets lighted by the existing High Pressure Sodium (HPS) vapour lamps which were installed in most of the town and highly congested areas where more luminance is needed. Cost-effectiveness of deploying a photocell or timer switching for street lamp operation. The energy and maintenance cost savings are key inputs to the cost-effectiveness analysis of LED. The performance metrics in the economic analysis includes simple payback as well as the net present value of cost savings over the lifetime of the LED fixtures. This research findings point out the key market barriers for technology uptake in the street lighting sector and discusses the current state of technology promotional programs. 1.4 Objectives of the research The first objective of the research is to get an inventory verification of various kinds of street lamps connected in all over the country and secondly, to analyze the performance of existing lamps and its control systems. Road surface luminance is one of the control parameters in intelligent road lighting control systems. The third objective is to identify the optimized luminance intensity on the roads as part of assessment for efficient street lighting systems. The final objective is to find a best option for energy efficient street lighting. At present, in urban roadway lighting applications, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and mercury vapour lamps which are the most widely used light sources. In semi urban and rural area road lighting, fluorescent lamps and CFL is widely applied. LEDs are fast developing light sources and are considered as one promising light source for general lighting. However, LEDs are not used already for street lighting applications in Sri Lanka, since the initial cost of LED is very high as yet. Currently, HPS lamps are the dominant light source used in street lighting because of long lamp life time and high luminous efficacy. The research assessment is a comparative life cycle assessment including other economical analysis which was performed on Incandescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp, Mercury Vapour lamp, Induction lamp and Light Emitting Diode (LED) streetlight technologies. It also focused on the categories of energy efficiency, light quality, global warming affects ect. The majority of streetlights are individually controlled by manual operation and some are by photocell and timer switch. It is revealed that some local authorities such as Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), have installed and upgraded a system that allow light levels to be controlled in certain time periods in addition to the photocell operation. Maintenance of streetlights consists almost entirely of replacing burnt bulbs or other defective components. Lights controlled by photocell are not monitored remotely in Sri Lanka and are replaced when reported by complaints of people or noticed during regular inspections. Bulb replacement is performed by relevant local authorities or municipalities. 1.5 Outline of this Report This research conducted a detailed study of how to implement an energy efficient street lighting technologies in Sri Lanka. This study provides the data and analysis necessary to evaluate whether changing existing street lighting system is a worthwhile investment, not only economically but environmentally as well. The adoption of newer technologies could save the millions of rupees in each year by minimizing both energy and environmental costs while reserving them to invest in other infrastructure upgrades. This thesis consists of seven chapters including the literature review, methodology, case studies, economic analysis and results, and discussion. The literature review is the chapter 2 which explains the basics behind street lighting, the different types of lighting technologies, how they work, how they affect the environment, and how they meet current lighting requirements along with their advantages and disadvantages. The methodology chapter explains how the study was conducted with a detailed explanation of both methodologies and economic calculations. This chapter presented a series of calculations to verify the data which are relevant to this study. How the data was applied to these methodologies will also be explained in chapter 3. This research thesis consists of three case studies. First one is the basic structure of this thesis, so that, the street lamp survey conducted to find out the total no of lamps in the country. It gives a basic understanding of the main end-use applications and target sectors of the different lamp types, control systems and an idea of the energy efficiency potential available in the street lighting sector. The second is illumination evaluation for HPS lamps connected in Galle road section. The auto operated street lighting system implemented in Balangoda town area and street lighting control system conducting in Sri Lanka also discussed as the case study 3 in this chapter. All these case studies are presented in chapter 4. The chapter 5 consists of economic analysis for all case studies and sets the insights gained throughout the research is enlightened by economic analysis. The economic performance was calculated as simple-payback for substitution of LED and solar powered LED soluti ons to the existing lamps that includes in accounting for lamp life-span, maintenance costs, and electrical costs. Conclusion chapter covers the results from the study to include their sensitivity to changes in costs associated with power production, maintenance costs, fixture costs, and service life. Environmental costs with carbon emissions savings and impacts were also calculated and discussed with regards to the different lighting technologies including solar powered stand along LED system. Finally, discussion chapter reviews the findings of this study and recommends the course of action that should be taken for implementation of energy efficient street lighting along with areas for future research.

My Christian Life Essays -- essays research papers

My Christian Life has been â€Å"pleasurable pain† (I will explain what that refers to in detail later). I was born on June 9, 1984. I was blessed to be in a family of Christian. Therefore, I was destined to become a true follower of Christ. I was baptized on August 12 of that year at St. Rose De Lima. Most people say that from the moment I was blessed, I became a disciple of Jesus, a light bearer, but I believe I was a disciple for my Lord and Savior the moment I was born. I was conceived into a Christian family with a strong Christian background. I thank the Lord to this day for blessing me as He did. As it was when I was born and still to this day, I was brought to Church every Sunday. As an infant and a child, I did not understand the true meaning of this. I thought it was just a day I was force to wear â€Å"uncomfortable† clothes and told to be quite (even though I rarely did). I was like most other children, as are some teenagers, I did not want to go to Church. I would run, play sick or try to do anything I could to not attend Church. For this misunderstanding, I only can credit that to my ignorance of my faith. If you were not dying in my house you was presumed to go to Church even if you was not apart on our family. I remember one instance when I slept by a friend’s house and his family, unfortunately, was not a regular participant in Church (I think I knew this). My mother came and picked me up that morning to go to Church. I remember this moment in my life because it showed how strong my family was and will always be in Faith. As me being a Christian, I was taught in a Catholic School. I attended St. Leo the Great Elementary. There, I learned a broad description of my faith and why my faith entitled me to do and act a certain way. I receive my Holy Communion when I was in First Grade I believe. Even then, I did not really understand the true concept of what I embarked on. For this reason, I â€Å"kind of† go against receiving certain sacraments at a young age. Age is a vital part in the strength of our beliefs (a younger person may be weaker than an older one). How many young Christians â€Å"really† understand what they are doing or even saying? If a person does not understand what they are taking apart of, then why should they be included. Today, a person is read their rights and asked at the end, do you understand all of things that were being said. I believe th... ...er away from me. I felt cheated. Until one day I talk to a friend of the family (we call him Uncle Jessey). He made me understand the cycle of death. After all the classes I have sat through dealing with my faith and all I have learned, nothing could have prepared me for this tragedy. I thank God for my Uncle Jessey kind words and for helping me to overcome my grandmother’s death. Another instance I remember is seeing Coach Deleica and Coach Griff at my grandmother’s funeral. At that moment I felt the true presence of my St. Augustine family. A couple of days ago, I attended my senior trip. When I first got there I was just glad to be out of class but as the day progressed I began to talk to God. I began to hear the music of the Lord. I felt lifted at the end of the day. After I leave Church, I always feel lifted (if I go to the right church). I attend St. Peter Claver Church. St. Peter Claver is a predominant black church. It has a gospel type of choir. Mass is last a minimum of 90 minutes. Without this service I would not be able to go on with life. â€Å"I hope that God will forever keep blessing me and watch over my love ones and friends,† St. Joseph and St. Augustine Pray For Us.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay -- English Literature

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 as a 'shilling shocker' novella written by the young novelist Robert Louis Stevenson. At that time there was a surfeit of cheap horror novellas. Stevenson's novella was different because it explored the evil inside human kind. I will look into Victorian attitudes and how these influenced Victorian life. The cultural and historical context of the text is typical of the author but not his time because there was a contradiction between Science and religion and this novella scared people about possibilities of evil. Victorian values at this time were very strict and those people who broke them were looked down on in the social order. Jekyll was the perfect upright Victorian man, he was tall, well mannered, rich and had earned his place in society. Hyde on the other hand was short, ugly and evil. Because Jekyll is so good he needs something to take his mind off his "9 tenths life of relentless struggling and grinding". He created Hyde to do just that, to take his mind off and be evil and careless when he feels like it. This whole story line would have shocked a Victorian reader because of the paradox between religion and science. People were very duplicitous at this time because they all knew about the underground prostitution, drug-abuse and pornography, yet they did not talk about it or let their friends know about their drug habit or weekly trip to the brothel. ^his shows the corruption of the community and the fraudulent morals. In the text there are elements of thriller and horror. In chapter ten 'Henry Jekyll's Full Statement of The Case' there is a horrific description of Jekyll's transformation into Hyde. 'The most racking pan... ...sickliness of Jekyll. This means that the more Jekyll is disgusted at Hyde's actions, the more Hyde's powers of evil and destruction grow gradually stronger. Jekyll now wants out f the whole double life and plans to kill himself and Hyde as well. Henry Jekyll feels some remorse about leaving Hyde in the world. He says 'Will Hyde die on the scaffold? Or will he find the courage to release himself at the last moment? God knows; I am careless; this is my true hour of death, and then as I lay down my en, and proceed to seal up my confession, I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end. Her Henry Jekyll has ended his own life rather than see himself turn completely into Hyde. This novella has two morals; one is not to mess about with your body and not to indulge too heavily in anything because it turns out bad like the life of Henry Jekyll.

Comparing Mid Term Break and Om my first Sonne Essay

1) What do we learn about children who have died? â€Å"For the first time in six weeks. paler now,† Those they leave behind them mourn them. The poets parents found it more difficult then Seamus because he didn’t know his brother that much, he had a distanced relationship. â€Å"Snow drops and candles† shows the compassion of the event, he does this by good use of symbolism. He used the snow drops to show that he died in peace as they are white and innocent like his brother. â€Å"A four foot box, a foot for every year† Only now does Seamus realize that he will only have the memory of his brother. â€Å"Wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple.† Poppies are commonly used to portray the violent, tragic death of a young person, in this case his younger brother. We also know that he got hit by a car so hard that it killed him â€Å"the bumper knocked him clear.† We know that he died on his 7th birthday, â€Å"seven years tho’ were lent to me.† No matter how protective parents are over their children there are greater forces that can determine the faith of the children that are out of the parents hands. â€Å"scap’d worlds, and fleshes rage† Jonson is telling the reader that his son has now left the real world and doesn’t have to deal with any awful things that you might come across in your lifetime. 2) What do we learn about feelings of the writers? Seamus doesn’t express any of his own feeling, Only feelings of others; Big Jim Evans to feel that the car incident to be a â€Å"hard blow†. On a literal level, it shows of the impact of car hitting the little brother whereas metaphorically, the incident could also show the emotional blow. He says â€Å"For the first time in six weeks. Paler now,† This indicates that Seamus didn’t have such a close relationship with his brother. It also suggests that the poet only had the fleeting memory of his brother as a baby and hardly ever sees him, therefore contributing largely to the fact that the poet was not grieving over his death because of their distanced relationship or because he hast come to terms with his brothers death. Mid-Term Break the family cannot accept the death. They feel that it is unjust, as the child was so young and innocent. This poem starts talking about the death using â€Å"farewell†. This hints that he is saying good-bye to his son and this is his way of letting him go. Ben Jonson uses faith to help him through the bereavement. Biblical phrases like â€Å"child of my right hand†, â€Å"my sinne was† are scattered through the text. The poet’s feelings were uncertain with doubts and sorrow. â€Å"O, could I loose all father now.† By using conditionals suggests that he is questioning his faith as he doesn’t understand why God would take away his loves one. â€Å"My sin too much hope for thee, loved boy.† Jonson doesn’t want to have any more children as the pain of losing them is overwhelming. 3) How have the writers expressed their feelings? Seamus Heaney uses indirect ways to portray grief, by describing events that happen after the death. Heaney doesn’t talk or write about how he feels, he writes about what he sees and remembers. He is keeping his emotions silent. His writing is detached because he expresses no emotion himself, and if he does it is understated and under layers of what he says. He is confused about his brothers death and reports the poem like an outsider. Alternatively, he may write like an outsider because its so tragic and he cant express his own feelings because he wont be able to come to terms with it. Ben Jonson writes On My First Sonne from a father’s point of view grieving over the death of his very young son. He uses the Iambic Pentameter which reflects the sound of a heart beat. He does this because it’s the first and last thing a human hears, this links to the birth and death of his short lived son. He also used a rhetorical question â€Å"he should envie?† He states that he is jealous of his son, because now he is closer to god in heaven. He indicates that he is a religious man. His sons death has made him question his faith which used to be so strong. The son, sitting on the right hand of his father, would remind a Christian reader of the Creed, in which the Son ‘sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.’

Literature of the Great Depression: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, the Graphes of Wrath and Tobacco Road

Literature of the Great Depression: A Survey The Great Depression, beginning in 1929 and continuing throughout the next decade, was a time of extreme economic decline, devastating people of nearly every social class, race, age, and geographic region. Millions of unemployed Americans everywhere suffered the burdens of poverty, homelessness, and crime.While vast numbers of citizens lined up in long bread lines, waiting for hours for the small amount of free food offered by government relief agencies; many others, outraged by their living conditions, took to the streets to protest, sometimes violently, demanding that the government take immediate action to alleviate their suffering. It is these images of such widespread trouble, distress, and social and political upheaval, that sparked the attention of literary writers everywhere. As literary writers assessed these new situations brought on by the Great Depression, one group in particular, the South, piqued the interests of many writers .Economic as well as environmental factors, such as drought and the Dust Bowl, adversely affected the South's economic dependence on agriculture; forcing many farmers into poverty, and driving thousands from their homes elsewhere in search of better opportunities. It is these immense economic adversities as well as vast human suffering experienced by the South that drew interest from many literary writers, making the South the subject of many famous and important works of literature, and thereby securing for the Southern regions an important historic niche in the history of the Great Depression in America.By examining the literary depictions of Southern life during the Great Depression, of works such as The Grapes of Wrath, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, and Tobacco Road, we gain essential insights into the cultures, lifestyles, and sentiments of those Americans hardest hit by the Great Depression; farmers and sharecroppers in the American south. Among those works of literature depic ting the Great Depression is Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, written by James Agee with photography by Walker Evans.Written at the height of the Great Depression in 1936 as an assignment for Fortune magazine, and later published in 1941 as a novel, this lengthy four hundred page text is a work of non-fiction that sets out to document the often harsh conditions of white Southern sharecroppers in rural Alabama by spending time with and even lodging with three actual sharecropping families known in the novel as: the Gudgers, the Ricketts, and the Woods for a period of several weeks. In Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, passages of extraordinary description and poetic beauty describe the various settings in which the novel takes place.Agee describes in great detail the homes of the farmers, the work they do, how the people looked, what they ate, how they spoke, their possessions and the surrounding land in order to paint an accurate picture of the living conditions as well as the plight of th e sharecroppers. As Humphries points out, although Agee urges his reader not to view the novel as â€Å"high art† Agee's ability to convey beauty even in those things not typically viewed as beautiful makes the artistic value of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men quite clear.Equally as powerful as the elaborate visual images Agee so skillfully conjures within the reader and the poetic beauty of these images, is the appeal to sensation Agee conveys in his description. Agee in seeking to fully and accurately convey the experiences of Southern sharecroppers, utilizes sensation to attempt to make the reader feel what it is like to be a sharecropper, the physical pain caused by bending of the back, the sensations of cramping in the hand, and the feel of sweat dripping down the body all combine to allow the reader to feel what it is like to be a sharecropper (Quinn).It is through these depictions of sensations that Agee hoped to make the sharecroppers â€Å"so real to you who read of it , that it will stand and stay in you as the deepest and most iron anguish and guilt of your existence that you are what you are, and that she is what she is, and that you cannot for one moment exchange places with her† (Praise 321).In addition to the artful skill with which Agee so vividly depicts his novel, another notable aspect of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is the unconventionality and experimentation through which Agee, with the help of his partner Evans, crafts the novel. The reader is confronted with this unconventionality upon opening the book, in which the presentation of the scores of photographs taken by Evans appear before any other words in the text, even before the table of contents and copyright information.Additionally, none of the pictures provide any sort of captions, a fact that could be best attributed to Evans' preference for presenting his images without the accompaniment of words (Jackson). In keeping with the lack of traditionalism of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Agee casts himself as a character in the novel in which, at parts, he interacts with and reacts to the other characters in the novel. The significance of this is that it provides the reader with insight into the author's thoughts and feelings about the events in the novel.However, this fact along with Agee's Southern ancestry has caused Let Us Now Praise Famous Men to be criticized as being too preoccupied with Agee's personal introspection than with creating a more meaningful depiction of the lives of his subjects (Humphries). Furthermore, in his literary criticism of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Coogle contrasts Agee's and Evans' work with that of Jacob Riis' work, How the Other Half Lives in order to demonstrate both Agee's and Evans' intentional preservation of human dignity as well as the rejection of more traditional worldviews, namely Victorianism (Coogle).Coogle's summation of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is that, â€Å"with its concern for respecting human di gnity and its view of the world as complex and confusing, serves as a striking contrast to earlier notions. Agee and Evans reject any vision of the world as clearly understandable and ordered,† While Riis' Victorian sentiments simplify the human experience and presents his impoverished subjects as inferior, Agee and Evans actively avoid such degradation of their subjects and acknowledge the complexity of life.This new approach to journalism and depicting of social issues coupled with the intentional preservation of human dignity further demonstrates the unconventionality of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and reflects the surge of new and innovative ideas that the Great Depression spurred. No better example of the Great Depression's call for innovative and experimental ideas is one that has been frequently cited by scholars, and that is the parallel between the innovative economic policies of Roosevelt's New Deal with that of the unconventional approach to the making of Let Us No w Praise Famous Men.Austgen makes the assertion that, â€Å"As Roosevelt recognized that traditional plans for economic recovery could not end the Depression, so Agee and Evans knew that traditional methods of photography and journalism would not work to convey accurately the hard and simple lives of the tenant farmers. † Furthermore, as Evans and Agee seek to preserve the dignity of its subject, so too does Roosevelt's economics (Austgen).In conclusion, while Agee's poetic, and often excruciatingly descriptive journalistic reportage coupled with Evans' contribution of a slew of candid photographs work together to create an accurate depiction of the impoverished Southern farmer's experience during the Great Depression on the surface, it is the the radical experimentation of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, as well as Agee's and Evans' attention to human dignity, that illuminates the new and innovative ideas that times of social upheaval and economic hardship such as the Great De pression call for.Like Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, another work of literature depicting farm life during the Great Depression is John Steinbeck's American classic The Grapes of Wrath. Published in 1939, The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of the fictional Joad family, who after losing their Oklahoma farm due to economic hardship and the Dust Bowl, embark on a trek westward to California, hoping to find work and economic stability, but only find continued hardship and despair.After losing two family members to death, characters Granma and Granpa Joad, and two more family members, Noah the oldest Joad son and Connie the pregnant Rose of Sharon's husband, decide to leave the family; the rest of the family, however discouraged, continue on their journey to California. After their arrival in California, the Joads endure exploitation by the powerful upper-class employers, horrible living conditions, as well as police brutality.In response to the migrant laborers lack of power and rights , as well as their absurdly low wages, the laborers, including the preacher Jim Casey, unionize in order to fight back against the exploitation of their corrupt employers. Through his depiction of the unionization of exploited workers, Steinbeck advocates for worker's unions and the need for collective action among the masses. Furthermore, by emphasizing the exploitation of the lower classes, as well as the human suffering caused by the powerful and corrupt upper-class employers, Steinbeck's firm stance against the power of big-business is lucid (Hendrick).Steinbeck's further asserts his political ideas by depicting the Joads as having an extended concept of family. Throughout the novel, various instances arise in which the concept of family extends beyond the traditional conjugal unit, â€Å"to include members related by plight as well as by blood† (Hinton). This is first evidenced in the opening chapters of the novel, as the Joads prepare to embark on their journey westward , they allow the preacher Jim Casey to join them on their journey to California, accepting them as one of their own.Ma Joad's attempt to help starving children in the migrant camp, even as her own children do not have enough to eat further depicts the Joads extended concept of family as well as the altruism displayed by the Joad family. It is this extension of the traditional familial structure that conveys Steinbeck's Socialist viewpoints and his emphasis on the altruism and goodness of the Joads that seem to convey the message that during times of immense suffering and social upheaval people must come together to help one another.Perhaps however, the most notable depiction of the altruism and goodwill of the Joad family occurs at the end of the novel by none other than Rose of Sharon, the Joad family's eldest daughter, a character up until this point plays a relatively secondary role in the novel. After the Joad family suffers yet another tragedy, when Rose of Sharon gives birth t o a stillborn baby, the family, devastated by their loss come across a dying elderly stranger.In an act of extreme kindness, Rose of Sharon offers her breast milk to the man in order to save his life. Moreover, Steinbeck emphasis the humanity and compassion of the Joads in order to provide a stark contrast to the cold and unfeeling upper-class employers that exploit the migrant workers in order to both invoke sympathy in the reader for the plight of the workers as well as to further argue against big-business (Hinton). Finally, The Grapes of Wrath, as a renowned work of literature, fosters a prevalent image of the Southern farmer.For those with even the vaguest knowledge of this important historical era, the Great Depression conjures up images of impoverished farmers, driven from their homes, stoic-faced and desperate, in search of better opportunities and a future for themselves and their families. Although The Grapes of Wrath provides a fictional account of one sharecropping famil y, and while it can be argued that Steinbeck creates a rather dramatized depiction of the sharecroppers, the story Steinbeck tells was one that was true for many.The Great Depression did indeed drive thousands of sharecroppers from their lands, many of which may have been subjected to some of the same horrors the Joads endured. In conclusion, The Grapes of Wrath is valuable for its image of Southern farmers that has become the poster image for the Great Depression, and still remains as such even today. In stark contrast to both Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, is Elskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road.While both Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and The Grapes of Wrath work actively to maintain the dignity of its subjects, Tobacco Road instead provides a much more negative image of the novel's characters. Caldwell's fictional Lester family like the focus of both Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and The Grapes of Wrath are a family of Southern farmers enduring the intense suffering wrought by hunger and extreme poverty in the midst of the Great Depression.Whereas Agee presents a dignified image of his subjects, and Steinbeck emphasis the altruism and goodness of the Joad family despite their conditions, Caldwell seems to reduce his characters to less than human. Driven by base instincts the Lester family seem to epitomize vulgarity, violence, obscenity and general indecency. It is in this way that Caldwell depicts the darker side of poverty. In conclusion, by examining the authors intent of renowned works of literature depicting life during the Great Depression we gain essential insights into the social realities of Southern sharecroppers during the Great Depression.Works Cited Agee, James, and Walker Evans. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. 1941. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1988. Austgen, Susan A. â€Å"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Agee and Evans' Great Experiment. † Agee and Evans' Great Experiment. Web. 04 May 2012. . Coogle, Matt. â€Å"The Historical Significance of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. † The Historical Significance of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Web. 05 May 2012. . Hendrick, Veronica C. â€Å"John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (1939). † Pop Culture Universe: Icons, Idols, Ideas. ABC-CLIO, 2012.Web. 8 May 2012. Hinton, Rebecca. â€Å"Steinbeck's ‘The Grapes of Wrath. ‘ (John Steinbeck's book). † The Explicator 56. 2 (1998): 101+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 8 May 2012. Humphries, David T. â€Å"Returning South: Reading Culture in James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men. † The Southern Literary Journal 41. 2 (2009): 69+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 10 April 2012. Jackson, Bruce. â€Å"The Deceptive Anarchy of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. † The Antioch Review 1999: 38-49.ProQuest Research Library. Web. 5 May 2012 . Quinn, Jeanne Follansbee. â€Å"The Work Of Art: Irony And Identification In Let Us No w Praise Famous Men. † Novel: A Forum On Fiction 34. 3 (2001): 338. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 May 2012. Rothstein Arthur. Fleeing A Dust Storm. Cimarron City, Oklahoma. 1936. Web. 10 May 2012. Silver, Andrew. â€Å"Laughing over lost causes: Erskine Caldwell's quarrel with Southern humor. † The Mississippi Quarterly 50. 1 (1996): 51+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 May 2012.

What effects does social media have on an individual - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2571 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Sigmund Freud believed that the psyche, what we call our personality, has three structures: the Id, the ego and the superego. The Id is the structure of personality consisting of our base instincts. It is completely unconscious and has zero contact with reality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What effects does social media have on an individual" essay for you Create order The ego is the structure that concerns with reality and is considered as the reasoning and decision making part of the personality. Both the Id and the ego have no morality, which is ultimately taken care of by the superego. The invention of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and others, paved the way for a virtual human interaction cutting across geographic racial, cultural and socioeconomic boundaries. Social media, which was once created to be a way for people to interact with people from all around the world, has turned into an isolation device for humans to interact with. We as a society and as individuals do not realize that what is known as human civilization is now characterized as a civilization living in two worlds: the real world and the virtual world. The world perceived by Freud is much different from the world we live in today. When Freud created this theory, he could not perceive a world with such advancements in technology, especially those having the ability to change a humans mental state. Social media is used to foster communication. Yes, social media sounds great and its fun to use. But what people dont take into consideration when using social networking sites is the negative effects it has on an individual such as: lowering self-esteem, anxiety, depression and the vulnerability to being catfished or cyberbullied. This is a problem that millions of people are facing, but dont even realize that social media is to blame due to their lack of knowledge on the issue. This problem is growing tremendously and needs to be addressed more seriously. Anxiety is the feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. Depression is a feeling of severe despondency and dejection, both of which if not recognized and treated properly can lead to even more serious problems such as suicidal thoughts or suicide itself. According to Jacob Amedie, social media causes anxiety and depression in two ways: by being constantly alert, and constantly trying to reach perfection. People may not realize it, but as they are sitting there waiting for a new social media message they are forcing their fight or flight limbic system to kick in which causes a release of the stress hormone, cortisol. This may not sound all that bad, but eventually enough of it can cause you to undergo some serious mental changes which could later lead to physical changes. For example, the constant release of the stress hormone cortisol, from heavy social media usage, over time causes damage to your gastrointesti nal tract (gut), which opens the door to an immune-inflammatory response in the body and brain, leading to depression anxiety. When things turn physical, it all of the sudden sounds more serious. Another way that social media causes anxiety and depression, Amedie argues, is through the idea of perfection. The social anxiety of stress is portrayed by trying to project a perfect self at all times. The continuous stress from constantly trying to project an image of perfection? †a perfect career, perfect marriage, perfect life†leads to the release of the exact same hormone, cortisol. This idea of trying to be viewed as perfect leads people to create a false intimacy. Primarily because social media promotes putting up a facade that highlights all the fun, excitement and success we seem to enjoy but tells very little about where we are struggling in our day to day life (Amedie 9). Many would rather embrace this happy illusion of virtual connection rather than share and develop real life relationships. An example showcasing the damage of the false sense of intimacy created by social media is that a friend of mine who goes to the gym often, posted a selfie and it was not received very well on facebook. It started out fine with twenty or so likes, and friendly, encouraging, congratulatory remarks about her getting into shape. But then someone commented negatively on the photo, jeering about her current weight. Other spiteful comments followed, first by Facebook friends she had that I knew about, but then strangers started to insult her appearance as well calling her with ethnic slurs. Eventually she was forced to take the photo down, because the comments were becoming too obscene and could not be ignored any longer. Whether or not social media creates or promotes this issue, people still participate in it partially because they fail to see the dangers in doing so. In a recent study, Joanne Davila and a few of her colleagues conducted an experiment on social networking and depressive symptoms among youth. During the study they came across two related variables: co-rumination and depressive rumination. Co-rumination refers to excessive discussion of problems within friendships, including repeated conversations, conjecture about causes, and heightened focus on negative emotions. Given the frequency that young individuals engage in social networking activities, they are more likely to be involved in co-ruminating. For example, imagine the life of a teenage girl. Social media is the perfect go to medium for these repeated discussions because it allows for the constant rehashing of the conversations over these girls problems, which ultimately causes them to obsess over the problem and prevent them from moving on in life. In the past, girls would write about their problems in journals or confide in peers over the phone. But now social media is the pr imary source for teens to vent current problems in their lives. This is where the issue comes into place. When a teen posts a problem online it is likely to receive both positive and negative feedback and comments, which causes an obsession to develop on this post. Once something is shared online, it can never be taken off; even if the post is erased it can still be taken as a screenshot on another device, leading the sender to further into anxiety and depression. Davila discovered that adolescents involved in co-rumination, are associated with a more immediate and direct negative effect of depression and may encounter more severe symptoms. Depressive rumination refers to passively focusing on symptoms of distress and their possible causes and consequences, leading to a fixation on problems and negative feelings. Davila discovered that individuals who are prone to depressive rumination are more likely to use social networking sites because of their dependent nature and have negative social networking experiences because of their interpersonal problems, and those experiences may be particularly depressogenic because of their tendency to ruminate on them (Davila 2). Besides the fact that social media can cause anxiety and depression, it can also cause other serious problems that are psychologically related. In Online Social Networking and Mental Health, Pantic deals with the affects social media has on the mental health of its users. Pantic states that some scientists have indicated that certain social networking sites activities might be associated with low self-esteem, especially in teens. One of the explanations regarding the negative relationship between social media and self-esteem, is that all social networking platforms where self-presentation is the principal user activity, causes or at least promotes narcissistic behavior. This indicates that individuals with lower self-esteem are more active online in terms of having more self-promotional content on their social media profiles (Pantic 5). For example, the typical Facebook user will every day have multiple visits to his/her own profile page during which he/she will view his/her already posted photographs, biographical data, relationship status, and so on. All of these events, especially in light of similar data obtained from other users profiles, may lead to either a short-term or a long-term reduction in self-esteem. It is probable, however, that the overall impact of social networking sites on self-esteem is much more complex. Constant self-evaluation on an everyday basis, competition and comparing ones own achievements with those of other users, incorrectly perceiving physical, emotional, and social characteristics of others, feeling of jealousy, and narcissistic behavior†these are all factors that may positively or negatively influence self-esteem. Social media is not only capable of shaping or changing a persons personality, but also capable of shaping and changing a persons physical features as well. Kim Harris, a teacher at a Korean school, wrote an article regarding social medias impact on a persons psychological well-being. Harris wrote that social media can shape a persons views and beliefs and the way they see things through adaptation and imitation. Violent content, whether its from an online video game, a live video, or a made-up cartoon, can affect an individual psychologically by encouraging antisocial attitudes and aggressive tendencies among adolescents and adults. Social media exposure is found to be associated with the outcomes of negative self-perception, eating disorders and substance abuse (Harris 3). Looking at the effects of social media on the brain one can see how this has a negative effect on the psychological aspects of ones life. Psychological effects take place due to popular activities online. Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. Paul Malcore stresses that cyberbullying occurs when individuals use technology to write aggressive, embarrassing, or hateful messages to and about peers in order to intimidate, harass, shame, and control them. Malcore states that approximately 80% of teens use a smart-phone regularly, 92% of teens report going online at least once a day, and 56% go online several times a day (Malcore). With social media having such high activity, teens will either witness cyberbullying, be a victim of it, or become a perpetrator. Statistically speaking, 81% of teens state that cyberbullying is easier to get away with than with face-to-face contact. The rest believe that its just entertaining or funny. Many teens also bully because of anger, revenge, or as a way to vent frustrations. Teens hav e also been known to cyberbully because they are bored, have too much time on their hands, or an abundance of tech toys. Cyberbullies may also participate to avoid being bullied themselves. Cyberbullying comes in many different forms. Teens and even adults partake in excluding others from an online group, cyberstalking, gossip, outing/trickery, harassment, impersonation, cyber threats and flaming which is known as fighting online that involves hateful or offensive messages. Cyberbullying is one of the most important and most common forms of social media issue. People dont take into consideration when bullying someone on social media is that cyberbullying often leads to suicide which has in fact increased severely over the years. According to Malcore, cyberbullying victims are 2 to 9 times more likely to commit suicide. Another popular activity on social media is catfishing. This is a trend that is increasing as people are putting more of themselves and their life on social media. Ca tfishing is the act of luring someone into a relationship by means of a fictional online persona. Sue Scheff, a blogger on Huffington Post, wrote an article on catfishing and the issues behind it. Scheff states that catfishing is a trend that is especially popular with predators such as pedophiles, human traffickers and other criminals. Catfishing is an easy method to prey on people, especially those who are uneducated on the problem. A lot of human traffickers use catfishing to entice teens into an industry which holds fake promises of modeling, traveling, becoming famous, and receiving a lot of money (Scheff). Social media is an easily accessible way to indirectly lure children and teens into being kidnapped. In conclusion, cyberbullying and catfishing are two dangerous issues that should be discussed more in depth on ways to resolve this problem. While some people believe that social media only negatively affects an individual psychologically, others seem to believe that social media can also have positive effects on an individuals psyche. When considering the positive effects of social media, it is important to remember that individuals in todays society are hardwired for socialization, and social media makes socializing easy and immediate. Individuals who struggle with social skills, social anxiety, or who dont have easy access to face-to-face socializing with other teens might benefit from connecting with other teens through social media. For example, teens in marginalized groups, including LGBTQ teens and teens struggling with mental health issues, can find support and friendship through the use of social media. When teens connect with small groups of supportive teens via social media, those connections can be the difference between living in isolation and finding support. Although Kim Harriss main focus was on the negati ves, she did however provide a counter argument. In The Impact of Online Social Networking on Adolescent Psychological Well-being, Harris states that certain kinds of media can actually produce positive and pro-social attitudes. Its been proven that social media can even be used to teach problem solving skills. Harris mentions that social media creates learning opportunities, greater access to health promoting information, and ways to socialize. Jacob Amedie focused mainly on the negative effects, but he did mention some positives. Amedie states that social media allows for groups of like-minded people to work together and connect. He expresses that social media also benefits students. Social networking sites help students do significantly better in school by allowing students to connect and interact with one another on assignments through social media platforms. For example, some schools successfully use blogs as teaching tools, which also has the benefit of reinforcing skills in E nglish, grammar, written expression and creativity. Some social media sites have even been known to help raise self-esteem and increase a sense of belongingness. While there are some positives to using social media, the negatives can however, heavily outweigh the positives. Where there is a problem, there must be a solution. The first step in solving this crisis, is to educate individuals on the proper use of social media and the dangers associated with the improper use of sites. Parents should be more responsible with monitoring their childrens social media sites. With the help of parents, cyberbullying and catfishing can be eliminated tremendously. In schools, social media is required to be used by the children for numerous reasons. Instead of only relying on parents to educate their children on the issue, schools should be required to provide social media education classes. Another way to educate people in a much faster way would be public service announcements. All people whether they are children, teenagers or adults, should be educated on the proper use of social media. However, educating people isnt enough; we should also hold social media creators more accountable for the content they allow on their sites. As a last resort, laws could be created to enact, oversight, and enforce penalties on social media abuse. Overall, there isnt much that can be done regarding the use of social media without interfering with the peoples rights as well as those of the corporations. The improper use of social media can have horrifying outcomes that requires our attention. Its a major part of our world today, and will likely become even more so in the future, which is why these issues must be addressed. If these issues remain unsolved the psychological issues people are facing today will only continue to evolve eventually leading to creations of new psychological disorders.

Neoclassical Economics Vs. Keynesian Economics - 1583 Words

The post -Second World War growth period, which is called Golden Age of Capitalism, has a great influence in human economic history. During the period of time, a great many of the capitalist countries have dramatically increased their economy and prosperity, such as United State which has a substantially economic expansion at an average rate of 3.5% annually between 1945 and 1970. Economic growth may be resulted by deregulation of market, rise of automotive manufacture and industrialization which contribute to freight transportation, international corporation and emergence of innovation.However, this prosperous period has not sustained permanently. 2007 global economic crises, which is a global financial breakdown and increase†¦show more content†¦It means that the final price, which is negotiated between sellers and buyers, would satisfy both trade participants. Moreover, Marshall states that law of demand and consumer choice plays an important role in determining the commo dity price.For instance, price of goods always is smaller than marginal benefit of the consumer if there are lots of producers and consumers in a competitive market. Furthermore, perfect competition force many firms to reduce their production cost and use efficient production way because the sellers can set a lower price compared with their rivals which would be able to attract more customers. Therefore, these three neoclassical economic thoughts demonstrate that the free market can appropriately reconcile the self-interest of producers and consumers, so it would tend to towards equilibrium. According to Keynesian economic theory, Keynes points out that unemployment is a serious issue in the economy that is caused by imperfect information between producer and consumer. It implies that the producer may not sell out all the goods that they produce Chang, H-J. (2014). 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